Can Satellite Surveillance Help End Slavery in the Seafood Industry?
Even after reports surfaced of forced labor in the Southeast Asian fishing industry, ships crewed by enslaved migrants persist. Can satellite surveillance smoke them out?
Within six months of the AP’s initial report, the government of Indonesia, whose coast Thai vessels routinely trawled, had ordered the release of more than 2,000 enslaved fishermen and arrested at least nine culprits. The media frenzy soon died down. Unscrupulous practices in Southeast Asian waters did not.
Almost immediately, the Thai fishing boats that had evaded the Indonesian crackdown fled the area. Not one of them broadcast Automatic Identification System (AIS) signals, intended to prevent collisions, though some of the ships were large enough to be legally mandated to do so. Still, Greenpeace managed to track this “ghost fleet” to the remote Saya de Malha Bank near Madagascar by monitoring AIS signals from eight refrigerated cargo tankers that picked up the fleet’s hauls and dispatched supplies. (See “Tracking Thailand’s ‘Ghost Fleet,’” below, to trace one such cargo tanker’s route.)
The practice of offloading seafood and onboarding provisions, called “transshipment,” allows fishing boats to remain at sea longer, raising red flags for watchdog groups. John Hocevar, director of ocean campaigns at Greenpeace, sees a clear connection between transshipment and slavery. “Now that we’ve eaten most of the fish in the ocean, boats must go out farther and stay out longer to fill their holds,” Hocevar explains. “It’s become more difficult for fishing companies to turn a profit, so they stop paying fishermen a living wage and, in some cases, stop paying them at all.”
In December 2016, the environmental organization published an investigative summary revealing, among other crimes, further incidences of forced labor involving Thai ships. Five of the 30 Cambodian migrants on the Sor Somboon 19 died at sea; the 25 survivors suffered severe malnutrition. Together, the Kor Navamongkolchai 1 and Kor Navamongkolchai 8 held 15 additional Cambodians captive for over a year. “We were kicked, punched, and beaten with sticks,” one told a Greenpeace investigator.
By March 2017, the Thai government had issued mandatory recalls of its overseas fishing vessels, prosecuting and impounding 61 boats and insisting that the others employ satellite monitoring systems.
When Greenpeace tracked the Blissful Reefer’s AIS signals, the satellite system remained largely the purview of ship captains. Today, however, anyone with internet access can monitor commercial fishing boats worldwide, in near-real time, thanks to the user-friendly Global Fishing Watch (GFW) map, launched in September 2016. Above, we overlaid Greenpeace’s abbreviated version of the Blissful Reefer’s route atop a screenshot of the GFW map. If you go to globalfishingwatch.org and click on the map’s light-blue dots, which denote fishing activity, you’ll find information about those boats and their routes. By mid-January 2018, the GFW hopes to have integrated AIS data from refrigerated cargo tankers, or reefers, into the publicly accessible map as well.
Satellite map courtesy of Global Fishing Watch. Ship route courtesy of Greenpeace; iIllustration by Susan Huyser.
Satellite surveillance also informs the new Global Fishing Watch map, accessible at globalfishingwatch.org. (See “Keep Your Eye on the Water,” above.) The data and mapping platform – a joint project of Google, SkyTruth, and Oceana, funded primarily by the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation – provides a near-real-time view of fishing activity around the world. Tony Long, the CEO of Global Fishing Watch and a former British Royal Navy commander, believes that the real power of the technology lies less in cops-and-robbers-style enforcement than in encouraging responsible behavior: “We’re effectively saying to boat captains: We’re making this information public, so if you aren’t complying with regulations, if you turn off AIS, you will stick out like a sore thumb, and that will bring pressure.”
Long envisions a day when supermarket shoppers will be able to scan the label on any package of tuna or shrimp with their phones and see a map that shows where, by whom, and under what conditions the fish was caught. Already, Boston-based importer and wholesaler East Bay Seafood plans to incorporate the Global Fishing Watch map into the daily inventory list it sends retailers – a small step in the growing effort to raise public awareness. As one enslaved Cambodian fisherman expressed to Greenpeace interviewers, “I want to tell consumers that the seafood you are eating comes from our suffering. . . . When you eat fish, please think about us.”
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